Showing posts with label MP3Stego. Show all posts
Showing posts with label MP3Stego. Show all posts

Tuesday, November 30, 2010

MP3 Frame Size and Frame Length

最近在閱讀有關 MP3stego相關論文, 由於 MP3stego 基本上是將機密藏在 Frame Length 之中, 因此上 Google 搜尋了一些 MP3 規格書的相關訊息。由於 MP3 規格書 (MPEG I Audio: ISO/IEC 11172-3, MPEG II Audio: ISO/IEC 13818-3) 必須要付費購買才拿得到, 所以只好從其他網頁中尋求相關訊息。

MPEG AUDIO FRAME HEADER 這個網頁之中, 有一段文章非常值得參考, 如下:
How to calculate frame length

First, let's distinguish two terms frame size and frame length. Frame size is the number of samples contained in a frame. It is constant and always 384 samples for Layer I and 1152 samples for Layer II and Layer III. Frame length is length of a frame when compressed. It is calculated in slots. One slot is 4 bytes long for Layer I, and one byte long for Layer II and Layer III. When you are reading MPEG file you must calculate this to be able to find each consecutive frame. Remember, frame length may change from frame to frame due to padding or bitrate switching.

從上文中, 我們知道一個 MP3 frame 中, 固定有 1152 個 samples。

接下來, 如果我們從 Header 中讀到 Audio 的 BitRate = 128000 Bit/Sec, SampleRate = 44100 Sample/Sec. 我們就可以去大概計算出平均一個 frame 被壓縮成多少個 byte?
每秒取樣 44100 個 samples, 每個 frame 有 1152 個 samples,
所以, 一秒鐘有 44100 / 1152 = 38.28125 個 frame。
每秒鐘只能壓縮成 128000 bits = 16000 bytes。
因此, 每個 frame 平均可以分配到 16000 Bytes / 38.28125 frames = 417.96 Bytes。
Frame Length = 417.96 Bytes。
化成公式的模樣就是:
FrameLengthInBytes = 144 * BitRate / SampleRate + Padding
有關公式中的 Padding, 指的是額外加的一些 Bytes, 目的是使得 Frame Length 剛好符合 BitRate 的設定。在 網頁 中有一段說明如下:
Padding is used to fit the bit rates exactly.
For an example: 128k 44.1kHz layer II uses a lot of 418 bytes and some of 417 bytes long frames to get the exact 128k bitrate.
For Layer I slot is 32 bits long, for Layer II and Layer III slot is 8 bits long.

 
 

Wednesday, November 17, 2010

MP3stego Offical Website

MP3stego 是一套能將文字檔 (副檔名為 .txt) 藏入音訊檔 (副檔名為 .wav) 的隱藏工具, 藏有機密訊息的音訊檔儲存為 MP3 格式(MPEG Audio Layer III format)。

官方網站: http://www.petitcolas.net/fabien/steganography/mp3stego/
發表日期: August 1998


作者: Fabien Petitcolas,
畢業於 the University of Cambridge,
指導教授是 Prof. Ross Anderson

F. Petitcolas 也是第一本有關 steganography 書籍 "INFORMATION HIDING techniques for steganography and digital watermarking" 的共同作者。

目前在 Microsoft Research 工作。

Saturday, November 01, 2008

Paper: Detecting Low Embedding Rates


Author: Andreas Westfeld

Information Hiding Workshop 2002 (IHW 2002)
Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, 7–9 October 2002

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,
LNCS 2578, pp. 324–339, 2003.



Abstract

This paper shows three approaches for detecting steganograms with low change density. MP3Stego is a steganographic algorithm with a very low embedding rate. The attack presented here is a statistical analysis of block sizes. It is able to detect 0.001 % of steganographic payload in MP3 files. The second approach is the use of hash functions to combine sample categories for the chi-square attack. One of these hash functions enables us to detect about 0.2 bits per pixel in true colour images. Another algorithm (Hide) was presented at the last workshop and constructed to be secure against visual and statistical chi-square attacks. The detection method for Hide combines the three colour components of each pixel to recognise an increased number of "neighbour colours".

From StegoRN



這篇論文提出三個偵測低嵌入量(改變量)的隱藏分析技術:

1. 針對 MP3Stego -
分析 MP3 檔案中, 每一個 block 的大小, 透過統計的方式找到一般 MP3 檔案不會出現的特徵, 藉此判定是否被 MP3Stego 這個隱藏工具嵌入機密訊息。實驗結果顯示, 當嵌入量為 MP3 檔案所能提供嵌入量的 0.001% 時, 此論文所提出的方法就可以辨識出來。

2. 提升卡方攻擊法(Chi-Square Attack)的偵測能力
第二個技術是透過雜湊函數(hash function) 整合樣本分群(sample category), 然後再使用原來的卡方攻擊法分析。本論文提到透過某種雜湊函數確實可以使卡方攻擊法偵測出儘含有 0.2 bpp 的彩色影像(true color image)。

3. 針對 Hide
Hide 是 IHW 2001 所提出來的隱藏軟體, 其使用的 LSB Matching 的技術可以抵抗卡方攻擊法的分析。這篇論文透過觀察每個色彩的臨色總數(the number of neighbor colors), 發現嵌有機密訊息的影像, 臨色總數明顯增加許多。

From StegoRN

From StegoRN

From StegoRN